文|三水
受疫情隔离措施影响,目前全球有超过十亿儿童无法正常入学。对于在疫情下成长起来的这一代人来说,这场公共卫生危机可能将夺走他们的受教育机会,他们的人生际遇可能将永远发生改变。包括联合国前秘书长潘基文及各国政界、商界和学界在内的275位全球领袖联名致信二十国集团(G20)、国际货币基金组织(IMF)、世界银行、区域开发银行及各国政府,敦促它们认清这场危机的巨大危害,并提出三点倡议,帮助弱势群体的孩子们重返校园。以下为公开信全文:
我们呼吁,各国政府和国际组织采取果断行动,应对这场由新冠疫情引发的全球教育危机。受隔离措施影响,目前全球有超过十亿儿童无法正常入学。对于在疫情下成长起来的这一代人来说,这场公共卫生危机可能将夺走他们受教育的机会,他们的人生际遇可能将永远发生改变。这个风险不仅真实存在,而且就近在眼前。有些孩子相对幸运,他们可以通过其他方式继续接受教育。但对于世界上最贫困地区的儿童来说,互联网对他们遥不可及,他们不仅无法上学,而且还因此失去了免费校餐—这曾经是全球3亿儿童的生存保障,饥饿问题再次凸显。
当务之急,首先是要关注全球约3000万儿童的未来命运。根据联合国教科文组织的估计,这部分儿童可能将永久失学。作为全世界最弱势的群体,教育往往是他们摆脱贫困的唯一出路,而这唯一的出路目前正面临关闭的危险。对于许多正处在青春期的女孩来说,读书则是她们逃避强制婚姻的最好手段,也是她们扩展人生机遇的最大希望。
如果不能入学读书,会有更多的儿童将被迫从事剥削性劳役和危险劳动。另外,无论是儿童生存还是孕产妇保健、性别平等、就业机会创造和包容性经济增长,教育与人类进步的几乎每个方面都息息相关,教育危机将直接影响联合国2030年可持续发展目标的实现,各方为促进性别平等的努力将因此倒退数年。据世界银行估算,按经济产出计算,儿童失学可能造成的长期经济代价将高达10万亿美元。
我们不能袖手旁观,让这些年轻人受教育的机会和平等生活的权力被就此剥夺。目前全球已有2.6亿儿童辍学,还有7500万儿童因连年战乱被迫逃离家园,其中包括3500万儿童已沦为难民或无家可归。我们应加倍努力,给予他们所需的全部支持,帮助所有孩子重返校园,开始或恢复他们的在校学习,继续深造或接受高等教育。
摆在我们面前的是一项长期挑战——即便是在新冠疫情爆发前,人类就已经面临一场教育危机。发展中国家超过一半的儿童已陷入“贫学”状态——到11岁时,他们还几乎不具备基本的读写和算术能力。其结果就是,目前有8亿年轻人在未获得任何学历资质的情况下离开了学校。如果要避免这种情况,在成百上万已失学大半年的儿童准备重返校园时,我们需要政府加大投入,帮助学生赶上进度,并进行适当的能力评估。在2005年巴基斯坦地震灾害后,学校出勤率在四年后才恢复正常,相当于少了一年半的学习时间。
现在迫切需要投入大量资源,让年轻人重返校园学习并赶上进度。而且,在重建过程中,我们应该进行更好的规划:应以疫情期间所展现出的庞大社群力量为基础,为在线教育、个性化学习和教师培训提供更大支持,为贫困家庭和符合“社交距离”的学校给予有条件的现金转移支付。为推动全世界支持教育进步事业,多个全球组织组成已结成联盟,并参与了于2020年8月4日发起的“拯救我们的未来”(Save our Future)行动。
然而,就在我们亟需额外教育资源的非常时期,教育经费却面临来自三方面的威胁:
1、经济增长放缓甚至倒退将直接影响到政府的税收,几乎所有国家/地区都会削减包括教育在内的公共服务经费。
2、在对有限的资金进行分配时,一些政府可能将会优先考虑医疗和经济复苏,为数不多的教育经费可能将受到“挤占”。
3、发达国家面临的财政压力日益加剧,其结果将导致他们减少对包括教育援助在内的国际发展援助。在双边和多边援助的分配中,相对其他优先事项,对教育的援助原本就处于不利地位。另外,对教育投入已经不足的多边捐助机构也有可能将重新分配资金。
世界银行目前估计,明年低收入和中等收入国家的整体教育支出可能比之前的计划减少1,000亿到1,500亿美元。
教育经费不足的问题不会自行解决。
我们呼吁二十国集团、国际货币基金组织、世界银行、区域开发银行以及所有国家/地区认清这场危机的严重危害,并发出三点倡议,确保实现赶超,并恢复推进联合国可持续发展目标第4项。
第一,各国都应承诺保障一线教育支出不被挪用和挤占,尽可能通过有条件和无条件的现金转移支付优先满足最弱势儿童的需求,提高教育参与率。
第二,国际社会必须加大对教育的援助,重点关注包括贫困人口、女童、冲突地区的儿童和残疾儿童等最弱势群体。释放教育资源的最快捷途径是债务减免。未来两年,全球最贫穷的76个国家需要偿还的债务成本就高达860亿美元。我们呼吁暂停债务偿还,将偿债资金分配给教育和其他面向儿童的优先项目上。
第三,国际货币基金组织应发行1.2万亿美元特别提款权,其成员国应同意将这些资源用于最需要的国家,为经济重建搭建平台。
世界银行应该通过追加国际开发协会预算,为低收入国家提供更多支持。在这一方面,英国和荷兰已领先一步,两国已承诺向新设立的国际教育金融基金(IFFE)捐款6.5亿美元,同时通过担保和募捐方式帮助中低收入国家额外释放数十亿美元的教育资金。这一行动是未来两年对全球教育伙伴关系(GPE)所追加资金的补充,扩大对“教育优先”(Education Cannot Wait)计划的投资,并继续支持以教科文组织和儿童基金会主导的联合国机构对教育和儿童的重点关注。我们还呼吁私营部门的企业和基金会优先支持全球教育。
人类的可持续发展只能建立在优质教育的基础上。我们面对的是一场严峻挑战,想到这场危机对下一代的影响,我们更加坚定了实现可持续发展目标第四项这一宏伟蓝图的决心。我们将成为人类历史上不让一个孩子失学,并让每个孩子都能发挥聪明才智的第一代人。各国政府和国际社会必须团结起来,赋予每个孩子应得且有权得到的受教育机会。
2020年8月18日
MaríaElena Agüero
Secretary General of the WLA-Club de Madrid
Esko Aho
Prime Minister of Finland (1991-1995)¹
Dr Shamshad Akhtar
UN Under Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ESCAP & AssistantSecretary-General at UN DESA (2013-2018); Governor of the State Bank ofPakistan (2006-2009)²
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Mo Ibrahim
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Enrique Iglesias
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Anthony Jones
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Dean of The Fletcher School, Tufts University; UN Special Representative of theSecretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All (2016-2019); World Bank GroupVP & Special Envoy (2012-2015)²
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Bujar Nishani
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First Lady of Ukraine (2005-2010); Board Member of NGIC
Viktor Yushchenko
President of Ukraine (2005-2010)³
Fareed Zakaria
Host of Fareed Zakaria GPS, CNN⁴
Valdis Zatlers
President of Latvia (2007-2011)³
Ernesto Zedillo
President of Mexico (1994-2000); Member of The Elders¹⁴
Min Zhu
Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (2011-2016)⁴
ActionAid UK
Girish Menon, CEO
African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET)
Dr K.Y. Amoako, President and Founder
BRAC International
Dr Muhammad Musa, Executive Director
CARE International UK
Laurie Lee, CEO
Catholic Agency for Oversees Development (CAFOD)
Christine Allen, Director
Save the Children International
Inger Ashing, CEO
Save the Children UK
Kevin Watkins, CEO
The Education Commission
Dr Liesbet Steer, Director
Theirworld
Dr Justin van Fleet, President
WaterAid UK
Tim Wainwright, CEO
¹ Memberof the World Leadership Alliance-Club de Madrid
² Member of Global Women Leaders: Voices for Change and Inclusion
³ Member of Nizami Ganjavi International Center (NGIC)
⁴ Member of the Berggruen Institute 21st Century Council
⁵ Member of Global Leadership Foundation
Members ofthe Parliamentary Network on the World Bank & IMF:
DenisKpwang Abbé
Senator of the Republic of Cameroon (2013-2018)
Francisco Ashley L. Acedillo
Member, House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines (2013-2016)
Mohammed Jawad Ahmed
Advisor to the Speaker, Parliament of the Republic of Iraq
Shakeel Shabbir Ahmed
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya
Shamsul Iskandar Bin Mohd Akin
Member of Parliament of Malaysia
Iqbal Abdul Hussein Almadhy MP
Member of Parliament, Parliament of the Republic of Iraq; President of the PNChapter in Iraq
Njume Peter Ambang
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Cameroon; Member of the Education andYouth Affairs Committee
Ecaterina Andronescu
Senator, Parliament of Romania; Minister of Education (2018-2019); Professor,University Politehnica of Bucharest
Ibtissame Azzaoui
Member of the Parliament of Morocco
Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin
Second Deputy Speaker, Parliament of Ghana
Alpha Bah
Vice President, National Assembly of Guinea
Hafida Benchahida
Senator of the Republic of Algeria; Founding Member of the Mediterranean WomenMediators Network
Hervé Berville
Member of the National Assembly of the French Republic
Nozha Beyaoui
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Tunisia
Sunjeev Kour Birdi
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya
Gary Bodeau
President of the Chamber of Deputies, National Assembly of the Republic ofHaiti (2018-2020)
Peter M. Boehm
Senator, Senate of Canada
Mārtiņš Bondars
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Latvia
Liam Byrne MP
Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom; Chair of the Parliamentary Networkon the World Bank and IMF
Professor Alejandro Cacace
Representative, National Congress of Argentina
Yunus Carrim
Member of Parliament, National Council of Provinces of Parliament, Republic ofSouth Africa; Chairperson of the Select Committee on Finance
Giulio Centemero MP
Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy; Member of the Finance Committee;Co-Chair, PAM Panel on Trade and Investments
Sarah Champion MP
Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom
Olfa Soukri Cherif
Member of Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania
Sven Clement
Member of the Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies
Gordana Comic
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia (2001-2020)
Shiddi Usman Danjuma
Member of the National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Colin Deacon
Senator, Senate of Canada
Issa Mardo Djabir MP
Member of the National Assembly of the Republic of Chad
Percy E. Downe
Senator, Senate of Canada
Worlea-Saywah Dunah
Founder and Chairman of the Board, Center for Africa Development and Democracy
Nathaniel Erskine-Smith
Member of Parliament of Canada
Marouan Felfel
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Tunisia
Cedric Thomas Frolick
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of Parliament of the Republic of SouthAfrica
Mahmut Celadet Gaydalı
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Turkey
Hajia Alijata sulemana Gbentie
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Ghana (2013-2016)
Najeeb Ghanem
Member of the House of Representatives, Parliament of Yemen
Hawa Abdulrahman Ghasia
Member of Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania (2005-2020)
Preet Kaur Gill MP
Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom; Shadow Secretary of State forInternational Development
Patrick Grady MP
Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom
Dr Lahcen Haddad
Member of the Parliament of Morocco; Minister of Tourism, Government of Morocco(2012-2016); Vice President of the SID International Governing Council
Laura Angélica Rojas Hernández
Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico
Anthony Kimani Ichung'Wah
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya
Eunice Kabiru
Member of Parliament of Estonia
Rebecca Yei Kamara
Member of Parliament, Parliament of Sierra Leone
Abdul Kargbo
Member of Parliament, Parliament of Sierra Leone
Gideon Keter
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya
Volkmar Klein
Member of the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany
John Muiruri Makuno
Director, Action for Children in Conflict UK
Doruntinë E. Maloku
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo; Chair of the Committee onEconomic Development
Teodomiro Nzé Mangué
Senator, Senate of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Janet Zebedayo Mbene
Member of Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania
Betty McCollum
Congresswoman, United States House of Representatives
Hayat Meziani
Member of Parliament of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (2012-2017)
Dr Ammar Moussi
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Algeria
Ruzanna Muradyan
Founder, Education Without Boundaries
Irene Wairimu Mwangi
Public Policy Specialist, Kenya
Cornelius Mweetwa
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Zambia
Adamou Namata
Member of the National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Bekono Ebah epse Ndoumou
Member of Parliament of the Republic of Cameroon
Professor George Bureng V. Nyombe
Chairperson of the TNLA, Republic of South Sudan
Olayiwola Jamiu Ojodu MP
Member, Ogun State House of Assembly of the Republic of Ghana
Hassan Omar Mohamed
Member of Parliament, National Assembly of the Republic of Djibouti; Presidentof the Parliamentary Group of Population and Development
Margaret Mary Quirk MLA
Member of the Parliament of Western Australia
Niki Rattle
Speaker of Parliament of the Cook Islands
Mohamed-Iqbal Ravalia
Senator, Senate of Canada
Dharma Raj Regmi
Parliamentarian, Federal Parliament of Nepal
Dr Azmi Shuaibi
Anti-Corruption Advisor, TI Palestine, Transparency International
Amanda Simard MPP
Member of the Provincial Parliament, Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Andres Sutt
Member of Parliament of Estonia; Deputy Governor and Member of the ExecutiveBoard, Bank of Estonia (2001-2009)
Catherine Zainab Tarawally
Member of Parliament, Parliament of Sierra Leone; Deputy Whip, All People'sCongress Party
Dr Olanrewaju Adeyemi Tejuoso
Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2015-2019)
Umayya Toukan
Senator, Parliament of Jordan
Nguyen Tuong Van
Secretary General of the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly